Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding hydro-geomorphological hazards in the Himalayas? 1. A Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) is the exclusive natural mechanism capable of triggering massive channelized debris flows in high-altitude catchments. 2. Unconsolidated paraglacial sediments left by retreating glaciers are highly susceptible to mobilization by intense localized monsoon rainfall.

Question

Accepted Answer

B. 2 only — Statement 1 is incorrect because severe debris flows can also be triggered by localized extreme rainfall causing shallow landslides that mobilize sediments, without a glacial lake bursting, as seen in the Dharali disaster. Statement 2 is correct as paraglacial sediments are loose and highly unstable during heavy precipitation.

Catastrophic Debris Flow Disaster Hits Dharali Village

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