The Abraham Accords are a set of agreements that established diplomatic normalization between Israel and several Arab states, beginning in 2020. They are a type of normalization treaty and a geopolitical concept. The Accords were signed in Washington, D.C., on September 15, 2020, and were mediated by the United States under President Donald Trump. The initial signatories were Israel, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Bahrain. The Accords originated from a shared concern about Iran's regional influence and a desire to solidify ties with the US. They solved the problem of a long-standing Arab policy that conditioned formal relations with Israel on the resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
The mechanism of the Accords involves a general declaration alongside individual bilateral agreements between Israel and each signatory country. Key provisions include establishing full diplomatic relations, promoting interfaith dialogue, and advancing cooperation in areas like security, trade, and tourism. For example, the UAE and Israel signed a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement in 2023. Subsequent signatories include Morocco in December 2020 and Sudan in January 2021, though Sudan's agreement remains unratified due to domestic turmoil. The Accords connect to the broader Arab-Israeli conflict and the Oslo Accords of the 1990s, which also sought to advance peace. A related concept is the Negev Forum, which brings together the US, Israel, and several Arab states to work on regional cooperation. The Accords have not been replaced or amended, but their expansion has been a focus, with Kazakhstan agreeing to join in November 2025. Despite the 2023–25 Israel–Hamas conflict, the Accords have largely survived, with none of the signatory states cutting ties with Israel.