Caste census: methodology, challenges, and the road ahead | Explained
After decades of debate, caste will be counted as part of the 2027 Census. From the ongoing pre-test and questionnaire design to past anomalies and the road ahead, here’s what you need to know
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Context
The Government of India has announced that a full caste census will be conducted as part of the upcoming Population Census, marking a significant departure from previous policy. A 'pre-test' is currently underway in 16 States and Union Territories, featuring an 'open column' for respondents to record their caste, the methodology for which will inform the final enumeration process. This decision follows long-standing political demands and ends a policy, in place since Independence, of only enumerating Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST).
UPSC Perspectives
Polity
The decision to conduct a caste census touches upon core constitutional principles and the structure of affirmative action in India. The power to conduct a census is vested exclusively in the Union government under and Entry 69 of the Union List in the . The census is carried out under the provisions of the . Previously, the government maintained that collecting caste data beyond and was administratively complex and could exacerbate social divisions, a stance rooted in the policy of moving towards a casteless society post-independence. However, the changing political landscape and the need for empirical data to justify and refine reservation policies—especially following the which capped reservations at 50% but allowed for exceptional circumstances—have forced a policy reversal. The Supreme Court has repeatedly emphasized the need for quantifiable data to support quotas for Other Backward Classes (OBCs), making this census crucial for future legal battles over affirmative action.
Social
From a sociological perspective, the enumeration of caste is a double-edged sword. On one hand, proponents argue it is essential for social justice, as it provides the necessary empirical baseline to assess the socio-economic status of various marginalized groups, particularly the vast and heterogeneous OBC category. This data is critical for targeted welfare schemes and addressing systemic inequalities, moving beyond estimates based on the —the last time a comprehensive caste census was conducted in India. Conversely, critics argue that institutionalizing caste through a national census risks rigidifying fluid social identities and potentially fueling caste-based vote-bank politics. The 'open column' methodology mentioned in the pre-test poses significant challenges in standardizing thousands of sub-castes, synonyms, and regional variations, requiring robust data harmonization strategies by the .
Governance
The implementation of a caste census presents immense administrative and governance challenges. The conducted in 2011 highlighted these difficulties, yielding millions of caste returns that proved incredibly difficult to classify and utilize effectively for policy-making. The current 'pre-test' is a critical step in developing a standardized taxonomy to handle the vast number of caste names, jatis, and gotras that respondents might provide in an 'open column'. Efficient governance requires accurate data; a successful caste census would allow for the rationalization of welfare delivery and the potential sub-categorization of OBCs (as explored by the ) to ensure that the benefits of reservation reach the most marginalized within these groups. The success of this mammoth exercise depends on the rigorous training of enumerators and the deployment of advanced data processing techniques to generate usable, actionable intelligence for equitable governance.