Former chief statistician Pronab Sen seeks two GDP series with old, new bases for five years
Advocating for dual GDP series, former chief statistician Pronab Sen argues that accurate double deflation is contingent upon extensive data on input and output prices. Following India's introduction of a new GDP series, unease surrounding the growth figures and protocols for the back series has surfaced, leading to an expected release from the NSO by December 2026.
360° Perspective Analysis
Deep-dive into Geography, Polity, Economy, History, Environment & Social dimensions — AI-powered, on-demand
Context
Former Chief Statistician Pronab Sen has advocated for the simultaneous release of two GDP series—one using the old base year and another using the new base year—for a period of five years. This recommendation comes amidst debates surrounding the recent revision of India's GDP base year from 2011-12 to 2022-23 and concerns raised regarding the accuracy of reported growth figures, highlighting the complexities of GDP calculation methodologies and their impact on economic perception.
UPSC Perspectives
Economic
The debate centers around the base effect (the impact of a lower or higher base in the previous period on the growth rate calculated for the current period) and its role in calculating GDP growth. When a base year is updated, past data is often revised (back-casting) to align with the new methodology. The article highlights concerns that significant downward revisions in past data can artificially inflate current growth rates. To mitigate this, Sen suggests publishing both the old and new series concurrently for five years, allowing analysts to isolate the impact of the methodological change from actual economic growth. This dual-series approach would provide transparency and build confidence in the new data. UPSC often asks about the nuances of GDP calculation, the significance of base years, and the challenges in ensuring data integrity, especially in the context of the (MoSPI) and its role in national income accounting.
Governance
The controversy highlights the crucial role of robust and transparent statistical systems in governance. Accurate economic data is essential for effective policy formulation, resource allocation, and maintaining investor confidence. The challenges mentioned regarding double deflation (a method where both output and input values are deflated using appropriate price indices to arrive at a more accurate real value added) and the difficulties in obtaining reliable Producer Price Indices (PPIs) due to corporate reluctance point to structural weaknesses in data collection. The reliance on single deflation (where only the final output is deflated) can lead to less precise estimates of real GDP, especially during periods of volatile input costs. This raises questions about the capacity of statistical bodies to gather comprehensive data in a complex economy. Candidates should understand the mandate of bodies like the (NSO) under MoSPI and the ongoing efforts to improve statistical methodologies to meet international standards.
Economic
The discussion on Producer Price Indices (PPIs) is significant. Unlike the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) which measures prices at the wholesale level, a PPI measures the average change over time in the selling prices received by domestic producers for their output. It is considered a more accurate measure of inflation at the producer level and is crucial for double deflation. The article notes that India struggles to implement double deflation because companies are unwilling to share pricing data, fearing a loss of competitive advantage. This lack of a robust PPI hampers the accuracy of real GDP estimates. Understanding the differences between WPI, Consumer Price Index (CPI), and PPI, and their respective uses in national accounting is a frequent topic in Prelims and Mains.