Isro scientists detect possible subsurface ice near Moon’s south pole using Chandrayaan-2
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Context
Scientists from and the have found possible evidence of subsurface water ice near the Moon's south pole. This discovery was made by analyzing data from the (DFSAR) instrument aboard , focusing on permanently shadowed craters. The finding is significant for future lunar exploration and potential resource utilization.
UPSC Perspectives
Science & Technology
This discovery highlights the continued success and utility of the mission, specifically its orbiter, which remains operational. The use of the (DFSAR), an L-band and S-band microwave imaging instrument, was crucial. This instrument, the first fully polarimetric synthetic aperture radar sent to the Moon, allows scientists to differentiate between actual ice signals and rough terrain by analyzing Circular Polarisation Ratio (CPR) and Degree of Polarisation (DOP). This demonstrates India's advanced capabilities in remote sensing and planetary exploration. For UPSC, understanding the specific instruments on ISRO missions and their functions is essential for Prelims.
Geographical
The focus of this research is on the Moon's Permanently Shadowed Regions (PSRs), particularly 'doubly shadowed craters' near the lunar south pole. Because the Moon's axis is only slightly tilted, sunlight strikes the poles at a very low angle, creating deep craters that never receive direct sunlight. These areas maintain extremely low temperatures (around 25 Kelvin), acting as cold traps that can preserve volatile substances like water ice over billions of years. Understanding the topography and unique environmental conditions of the lunar south pole explains why it is the primary target for contemporary lunar missions, including and upcoming international efforts.
Strategic & International Relations
The presence of water ice on the Moon has significant implications for space geopolitics and future exploration. Water can be broken down into hydrogen and oxygen, providing crucial resources for life support and, importantly, rocket fuel. This concept of In-Situ Resource Utilisation (ISRU) is vital for long-term lunar habitation and deep space missions, significantly reducing the cost and complexity of launching materials from Earth. This discovery by strengthens India's position in the global space race, adding to the growing international interest from agencies like and China in establishing a sustained presence at the lunar south pole.