ISRO successfully launches Earth observation satellite EOS-05
The EOS-05 is India’s first ever imaging satellite to monitor from Geosynchronous orbit about 36,000 km above the Earth.
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Context
The successfully launched the EOS-05 Earth observation satellite aboard the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV-F17) from . This marks India's first imaging satellite positioned in a Geosynchronous orbit, designed to provide real-time strategic and civilian data. The successful mission is significant as it follows recent setbacks for ISRO and replaces the failed EOS-03 mission of 2021.
UPSC Perspectives
Science and Technology
This mission highlights ISRO's capability to deploy heavy payloads, as the EOS-05 weighs 2367 kg, making it the heaviest satellite injected using the GSLV to date. The satellite operates from a Geosynchronous orbit (an orbit where the satellite's orbital period matches the Earth's rotation period, keeping it relatively stationary over a specific point), located approximately 36,000 km above Earth. Unlike low earth orbit (LEO) satellites, a geosynchronous position allows for continuous monitoring of the Indian subcontinent, earning it the nickname 'Eye in the Sky'. The payload includes advanced imaging capabilities across visible, infrared, multi-spectral, and hyperspectral bands, which are crucial for detailed observation and data collection. The success of the GSLV-F17 flight, especially the proper functioning of the cryogenic upper stage, validates improvements made in propulsion systems and structural mass optimization since the failure of the GSLV-F10 mission in 2021. For UPSC Prelims, questions may focus on distinguishing between the types of orbits (LEO, GEO, Sun-Synchronous) and the specific capabilities of different launch vehicles like PSLV vs. GSLV.
Economic and Social
The data generated by the EOS-05 satellite will have wide-ranging applications across multiple sectors of the Indian economy. Continuous, high-resolution, real-time imagery is invaluable for agriculture, enabling better crop yield estimation, drought monitoring, and pest infestation tracking. In the realm of disaster management, the satellite will provide critical real-time data for assessing damage during floods, cyclones, and other natural calamities, allowing for faster and more efficient response efforts. Furthermore, the data will aid in environmental monitoring, forest management, and urban planning. The mission also underscores the growing partnership between ISRO and the private Indian space industry, which the Prime Minister noted is 'expanding India's capabilities across the entire space ecosystem.' From a Mains perspective, candidates should analyze how advancements in space technology directly contribute to national development, disaster resilience, and agricultural productivity.
Governance and Security
The EOS-05 represents a significant enhancement in India's strategic surveillance capabilities. As India's first dedicated imaging satellite from a Geo Orbit, it will provide 'important strategic data' for national activities. The continuous monitoring capability is vital for border surveillance, tracking maritime movements, and overall national security. The launch also reflects India's intent to strengthen its position as a global space power, as highlighted by the Minister of State for the . The success of this mission is crucial for ISRO's reputation and operational momentum, especially after a cautious period following recent launch failures. It demonstrates the organization's resilience and ability to learn from anomalies, such as the cryogenic stage failure in the EOS-03 mission. UPSC aspirants should consider the geopolitical implications of self-reliance in advanced space technologies and its role in enhancing India's comprehensive national power.